Question 1

Konunun disiplin için öneminin belirlenmesi

Accepted Answer

A key aspect of X is …
X is of interest because …
X is a classic problem in …
A primary concern of X is …
X is a dominant feature of …
X is a fundamental property of …
The concepts of X and Y are central to …
X is at the heart of our understanding of …
Investigating X is a continuing concern within …
X is a major area of interest within the field of …
X has been studied by many researchers using …
X has been an object of research since the 1960s.
X has been the subject of many classic studies in …
X has been instrumental in our understanding of …
The theory of X provides a useful account of how …
X has been an important concept in the study of the …
Central to the entire discipline of X is the concept of …
X is an increasingly important area in applied linguistics.
X has been the subject of much systematic investigation.
The issue of X has received considerable critical attention.
Understanding the complexity of an X is vitally important if …
X has long been a question of great interest in a wide range of fields.
One of the most significant current discussions in legal and moral philosophy is …
The discovery of X in 1986 triggered a huge amount of innovative scientific inquiry.
The role of X in Y has received increased attention across a number of disciplines in recent years.

Question 2

Konunun dünya veya toplum için öneminin belirlenmesi

Accepted Answer

X is fundamental to …
X has a pivotal role in …
X is an important aspect of …
X is frequently prescribed for …
X is fast becoming a key instrument in …
X plays a vital role in the metabolism of …
X is the most widely distributed species of …
X plays a critical role in the maintenance of …
Xs have emerged as powerful platforms for …
X is essential for a wide range of technologies.
X can play an important role in addressing the issue of …
Xs are the most potent anti-inflammatory agents known.
There is evidence that X plays a crucial role in regulating …
X is a common condition which has considerable impact on …
In the new global economy, X has become a central issue for …
Determining the impacts of X on Y is important for the future of …
Evidence suggests that X is among the most important factors for …
X is important for a wide range of scientific and industrial processes.
Xs are one of the most widely used groups of antibacterial agents and …
There is a growing body of literature that recognizes the importance of …
X is an important component in the climate system, and plays a key role in Y.
Xs were the most serious and widespread popular disturbances to occur in …
In the history of development economics, X has been thought of as a key factor in …

Question 3

Konunun öneminin belirlenmesi (verilen zaman çerçevesi)

Accepted Answer

Recently, there has been renewed interest in …
Traditionally, Xs have subscribed to the belief that …
One of the most important events of the 1970s was …
In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in …
Recent developments in X have heightened the need for …
The last two decades have seen a growing trend towards …
Recently, researchers have shown an increased interest in …
Over the past century, there has been a dramatic increase in …
Recent trends in X have led to a proliferation of studies that …
X proved an important literary genre in the early Y community.
The past decade has seen the rapid development of X in many …
Recently, a considerable literature has grown up around the theme of …
Recent developments in the field of X have led to a renewed interest in …
Since it was reported in 2009, X has been attracting considerable interest.
The past thirty years have seen increasingly rapid advances in the field of …
The changes experienced by X over the past decade remain unprecedented.
In the last few decades, there has been a surge of interest in the effects of …
The study of X, which includes Y, has grown significantly since the early 1980s.
For more than a century, scientists have been interested in the existence of …
In light of recent events in X, it is becoming extremely difficult to ignore the existence of …

Question 4

Önemli bir sorunu vurgulama

Accepted Answer

X is a leading cause of …
One of the main obstacles …
One of the greatest challenges …
A key issue is the safe disposal of …
The main disadvantage of X is that …
X is associated with increased risk of …
X is a common disorder characterised by …
It is now well established that X can impair …
X is a common, chronic disease of childhood.
X has led to the decline in the population of …
X is a growing public health concern worldwide.
The main challenge faced by many researchers is the …
X is one of the most frequently stated problems with …
Lack of X has existed as a health problem for many years.
X is a major public health problem, and the main cause of …
Xs are one of the most rapidly declining groups of insects in …
X is the leading cause of death in western-industrialised countries.
Despite its long clinical success, X has a number of problems in use.
Exposure to X has been shown to be related to adverse effects in …
There is increasing concern that some Xs are being disadvantaged …
There is an urgent need to address the safety problems caused by …
Questions have been raised about the safety of the prolonged use of …
The prevalence of X is increasing at an alarming rate in all age groups.
Despite its safety and efficacy, X suffers from several major drawbacks:
Along with this growth in X, however, there is increasing concern over …
X is increasingly recognised as a serious, worldwide public health concern.
X and its consequences are an important, but understudied, cause for concern.

However,X may cause …X is limited by …X suffers from …X is too expensive to be used for …X has accentuated the problem of …the performance of X is limited by …X could be a contributing factor to …the synthesis of X remains a major challenge.X can be extremely harmful to human beings.research has consistently shown that X lacks …a major problem with this kind of application is …the determination of X is technically challenging.current methods of X have proven to be unreliable.these rapid changes are having a serious effect on …X can be adversely affected under certain conditions.accounting for these varying experiences is problematic .observations have indicated a serious decline in the population of …

Question 5

Literatür özeti

Accepted Answer

Recent evidence suggests that …
Previous studies have reported …
Recent studies have shown that …
Several studies have documented …
Studies of X show the importance of …
Several attempts have been made to …
Previous research has established that …
Data from several studies suggest that …
Recent work by historians has established that …
Previous research comparing X and Y has found …
Existing research recognises the critical role played by …
It is now well established from a variety of studies, that …
Recently investigators have examined the effects of X on Y.
Surveys such as that conducted by Smith (1988) have shown that …
Factors found to be influencing X have been explored in several studies.
A number of cross-sectional studies suggest an association between X and Y…
Studies over the past two decades have provided important information on …
A considerable amount of literature has been published on X. These studies …
In the past two decades, a number of researchers have sought to determine …
In previous studies of X, different variables have been found to be related to …
The first serious discussions and analyses of X emerged during the 1970s with …
There have been a number of longitudinal studies involving X that have reported …
Xs were reported in the first studies of Y (e.g., Smith, 1977; Smith and Patel, 1977).
What we know about X is largely based upon empirical studies that investigate how …
Smith (1984: 217) shows how, in the past, research into X was mainly concerned with …
Results from earlier studies demonstrate a strong and consistent association between …
There are a large number of published studies (e.g., Smith, 2001; Jones, 2005) that describe the link
between …

A number ofstudies / researchershave found …have reported …have identified …have shown that …have attempted to …have demonstrated that …have investigated whether …have found an association between …have explored risk factors associated with …It has beennoted that …argued that …shown that …reported that …assumed that …suggested that …established that …demonstrated that …conclusively shown that …Whatwe know about X / is known about Xcomes from / is (largely) based on / is (largely) derived fromaccounts by …observations of …laboratory studies.historical data from …epidemiological studies.brief biographical details.cross-sectional studies of …studies of people living in …case studies undertaken in …contemporary textual sources.small-scale experiments with …research using laboratory animals.research undertaken in major cities.a few primary sources from the time.studies conducted in populations of X.observations using various animal models.

Question 6

Çalışma alanındaki bir tartışmayı vurgulamak

Accepted Answer

A much debated question is whether …
The precise effect of X is a much-debated topic.
One major issue in early X research concerned …
To date there has been little agreement on what …
The issue has grown in importance in light of recent …
There has been disagreement on the criteria for defining X
In the literature on X, the relative importance of Y is debated.
One observer has already drawn attention to the paradox in …
Questions have been raised about the use of animal subjects in …
In many Xs, a debate is taking place between Ys and Zs concerning …
Debate continues about the best strategies for the management of …
There has been much division between historians on the subject of …
This concept has recently been challenged by X studies demonstrating …
The debate about X has gained fresh prominence with many arguing that …
More recently, literature has emerged that offers contradictory findings about …
Scholars have long debated the impact of X on the creation and diffusion of …
One of the most significant current discussions in legal and moral philosophy is …
The relationship between X and Y has attracted conflicting interpretations from …
One major theoretical issue that has dominated the field for many years concerns …
The controversy about scientific evidence for X has raged unabated for over a century.
The issue of X has been a controversial and much disputed subject within the field of …
Several divergent accounts of X have been proposed, creating numerous controversies.
The causes of X have been the subject of intense debate within the scientific community.
In the literature on X, the relative importance of Y has been subject to considerable discussion.

Question 7

Önceki araştırmalara veya burslara genel atıf: Araştırma eksikliğinin vurgulanması

Accepted Answer

There is little published data on …
No previous study has investigated X .
The use of X has not been investigated.
There is very little published research on …
There has been no detailed investigation of …
There has been little quantitative analysis of …
Data about the efficacy and safety of X are limited.
Up to now, far too little attention has been paid to …
A search of the literature revealed few studies which …
The impact of X on Y is understudied, particularly for …
So far, however, there has been little discussion about …
In addition, no research has been found that surveyed …
Surprisingly, the effects of X have not been closely examined.
Surprisingly, X is seldom studied and it is unclear to what extent …
In contrast to X, there is much less information about effects of …
X has hitherto received scant attention by scholars of the Y period.
A systematic understanding of how X contributes to Y is still lacking.
Despite the importance of X, there remains a paucity of evidence on …
There have been no controlled studies which compare differences in …
The issue of X has attracted very little attention from the scholarly community.
To date, the problem of X has received scant attention in the research literature.
To date, no large-scale studies have been performed to investigate the prevalence of ….
Although studies have recognized X, research has yet to systematically investigate the effect of …

To date, / Surprisingly,X has (still) not (yet) beenclosely / formally / empirically / extensively / scientifically / systematically / comprehensivelystudied.examined.investigated.There is acurrent / relative / general / notable / surprising paucityof studies / of well-controlled studies investigating … describing how … that seek to identify predictors ofof empirical research / of high-quality research in the field of … focusing specifically on … on the current prevalence of …of scientific literature / of evidence-based literature specifically relating to … on the experiences of … describing the impact of …(Very) few studies have / Few (published) studies haveexplored …focused on …controlled for …examined how …compared trends in …attempted to define …examined the role of …measured X in humans.quantified the levels of …assessed the implications of …evaluated the effects of X on …examined the consequences of …actually examined the impact of …have systematically investigated …provided quantitative evidence of …systematically evaluated the use of …attempted to quantify the impact of …adequately tested the effectiveness of …addressed the long term psychological effects of …been large enough to provide reliable estimates of …been conducted to determine the possible effects of …Although / While / Whilstsome research has been carried out on X,no single study exists which …no studies have been found which …no controlled studies have been reported.there is very little scientific understanding of …only two studies have attempted to investigate …the mechanism by which … has not been established.there have been few empirical investigations into …So far, / To date, / Up to now,there have been no attempts to examine … has been very little research directly investigating X. have been very few empirically published accounts of X.very little research has been carried out on … has been published on the subject of … attention has been paid to the role of X.few studies have examined the association between … studies have investigated X in any systematic way … randomized clinical trials have specifically investigated X in …

Question 8

Önceki çalışmaların yetersizliklerini veya zayıflıklarını vurgulama (Eleştirel Olma)

Accepted Answer

Previous studies of X have not dealt with …
Researchers have not treated X in much detail.
Such expositions are unsatisfactory because they …
Such approaches, however, have failed to address …
Most studies in the field of X have only focused on …
Previous published studies are limited to local surveys.
Half of the studies evaluated failed to specify whether …
The research to date has tended to focus on X rather than Y.
Previously published studies on the effect of X are not consistent.
Smith’s analysis does not take account of …, nor does she examine …
The existing accounts fail to resolve the contradiction between X and Y.
Most studies of X have only been carried out in a small number of areas.
However, much of the research up to now has been descriptive in nature …
The generalisability of much published research on this issue is problematic.
Research on the subject has been mostly restricted to limited comparisons of …
However, few writers have been able to draw on any systematic research into …
Short-term studies such as these do not necessarily show subtle changes over time …
Although extensive research has been carried out on X, no single study exists which …
However, these results were based upon data from over 30 years ago and it is unclear if …
The experimental data are rather controversial, and there is no general agreement about …
However, all the previous X research was cross-sectional in design. Therefore, it is unclear if …
Although there are many reports in the literature on the outcome of X, most are restricted to …
Some evidence suggests that …, although further work using X is required to confirm this finding.

The existing literature on X /Most of the work carried out on Xfails to …suffers from …lacks clarity regarding …ignores the possibility that …has not distinguished between x and y in a systematic fashion.

No previous study hascontrolled for …been large enough to …completely eliminated …distinguished between …provided information on …addressed the question of …assessed the occurrence of …used a dynamic measure of …given sufficient consideration to …employed time-series techniques for …utilized verbal reports to examine the problem of …used a method for analyzing multiple factors related to …

Previous studies (of X) / Most of these studieshave suffered fromsmall sample sizes.low response rates.multiple design flaws.an overemphasis on …inconsistent definitions.poorly developed theory.inadequate sample sizes.methodological limitations.serious sampling problems.poor case control matching.experimental design errors.inadequate research design.a lack of clarity in defining …serious methodological flaws.a high degree of sampling bias.lack of instrumental sensitivity.considerable design limitations.the use of poorly matched controls.a paucity of standardized measures.notable methodological weaknesses.fundamental flaws in research design.lack of a strong theoretical framework.an over-reliance on self-report methodology.a restricted range of methodological approaches.shortcomings in the methods used to select cases.a lack of well-grounded theoretical considerations.several conceptual and methodological weaknesses.

Previous studies (of X) / Most of these studieshaveonly involved …only been carried out in …only been undertaken using …only provided weak evidence for …been of poor quality.been limited in a number of ways.been limited to convenience samples.been limited to a small number of cases …

Previous studies have failed toassess …measure …adjust for …control for …investigate …take account of …separate the effects of …address the question of …identify a means by which …build a definitive model of …examine the role played by …clearly differentiate between …give sufficient consideration to …consider X as a possible driving factor of ….

Previous studies have failed to considerthe impact of …the reasons for …the evidence for …the ways in which …the contexts in which …several key aspects of …the variable nature of …other explanations for …the complex nature of …the potential impact of …the social dimension of …the dynamic aspects of …the underlying causes of …all the possible effects of …demographic factors that …the ethical implications of …the important role played by …the broader implications of how …the unique complexities faced by …the contextual factors that influence …

Question 9

Önceki araştırmalara genel referans: Olumsuz sonuçların vurgulanması

Accepted Answer

Previous studies have failed tofind / show / demonstratea link between …any treatment effect.a connection between …significant differences in …any convincing evidence of …a causal relationship between …any support for the X hypothesis.any significant advantages of using …significant changes in health outcomes …reliable, repeatable therapeutic effects of …

Recent studies have / The research to date hasnot been able toestablish …confirm earlier …determine whether …show a link between …duplicate these results.reproduce these findings.replicate these associations.rule out the possibility that …provide robust evidence for …detect an increase in the risk of …confirm earlier findings showing …

Question 10

Çalışma alanındaki bir bilgi boşluğunu vurgulamak

Accepted Answer

… much less is known about X.
Evidence for X has been mixed.
It is still not known whether …
The nature of X remains unclear.
(Very) little is known about X in …
What is less clear is the nature of …
What is not yet clear is the impact of X on …
There is still uncertainty, however, whether …
The response of X to Y is not fully understood.
Causal factors leading to X remain speculative.
To date, there has been no reliable evidence that …
The neurobiological basis of this X is poorly understood.
Little is known about X and it is not clear what factors …
To date, only a limited number of Xs have been identified.
Much uncertainty still exists about the relationship between …
To date, studies investigating X have produced equivocal results.
The evidence that X and Y are associated with Z is weak and inconclusive.
This indicates a need to understand the various perceptions of X that exist among …
It is now well established that … However, the influence of X on Y has remained unclear.
Some studies have shown the beneficial effects of …, but others have shown a deterioration in …

To date, (however), there has beenno / littleclearsolidreliabledefinitiveempiricalconvincingconclusiveexperimentalevidence that …

However, what is not yetclear / known / understoodis the role of …is the nature of …is the importance of …is the extent to which …is the degree to which …is the actual proportion of …are the different stages of …are the circumstances that …is the actual relationship between …is the relative importance of the various factors that …

What remainsunclear / unknown(, however,)is how …is why …is precisely how …is to what degree there exists …is how different species are distributed in …is how such policies and practices affect the …is whether these two systems interact.is whether the two conditions are related.is whether or not this finding is a true representation.is whether these two factors operate independently.

However, (exactly) howX affects YX inhibits YX develops X is formedX acquires YX damages YX produces YX increases YX benefits from YX contributes to Yremains unclear. / remains poorly understood. / is (still) not yet fully understood.

The extent to whichX influences YX determines YX plays a role in YX has been successfulX changes during …X presents a risk to YX corresponds with YX has been alleviatedX has been successful in …X can be extrapolated to humansthe problem of X is facilitated by Ythese findings have wider relevancelack of X is causally associated with Yis (still) / remainsunclear. / unknown. / poorly understood.

However,several / a number ofkey / further / critical / essential / additional / important / interesting / unresolved / unanswered / fundamental questions remain aboutthe role of …the nature of …the effects of …the aftermath of …the treatment for …the development of …

Question 11

Makalenin odağını, amacını, argümanını belirtmek

Accepted Answer

In this paper, I argue that …
This paper has four key aims. Firstly, …
The central thesis of this paper is that …
In the pages that follow, it will be argued that …
Secondly, it aims to assess the extent to which …
In this essay, I attempt to defend the view that …
Specifically, the following issues will be addressed:

This paperargues that …gives an account of …discusses the case of …analyses the impact of …attempts to show that …contests the claim that …provides an overview of …reviews the evidence for …reports on a study which …addresses the question of …presents new evidence for …traces the development of …explores the ways in which …assesses the significance of …highlights the importance of …considers the implications of …evaluates the effectiveness of …critically examines the view that …proposes a new methodology for …surveys recent empirical studies on …examines the relationship between …compares the different ways in which …offers a new model for understanding …investigates the factors that determine …describes the design and implementation of …seeks to remedy these problems by analyzing the literature of …

The (primary) aim of this paper is toexplore the …trace the history of …assess the claim that …review recent research into the …explore the relationship between …contribute to the understanding of …propose a conceptual theoretical framework based on …provide empirical and theoretical evidence for the claim that

The aim of this paper is to criticallyanalyze the effects of …examine the claim that …review the evidence for …examine the ways in which …review the different approaches used to …evaluate the rationale behind X’s theory of …discuss the some of the prominent ideas which …

Question 12

Araştırmanın amacını belirtmek

Accepted Answer

The specific objective of this study was to …
An objective of this study was to investigate …
This thesis will examine the way in which the …
This study set out to investigate the usefulness of …
This dissertation seeks to explain the development of …
This case study seeks to examine the changing nature of …
The objectives of this research are to determine whether …
The overall aim of this thesis is to review the evidence for …
This prospective study was designed to investigate the use of …
The aim of this study was to develop a better understanding of …
This research examines the emerging role of X in the context of …
This study systematically reviews the data for…, aiming to provide …
Drawing upon two stands of research into X, this study attempts to …
This thesis intends to determine the extent to which … and whether …
This dissertation aims to unravel some of the mysteries surrounding …
This study therefore set out to assess the effect of X …, and the effect of …
The main aim of this study is to investigate the differences between X and Y.
Part of the aim of this project is to develop software that is compatible with …
There are two primary aims of this study: 1. To investigate … 2. To ascertain …
This study seeks to obtain data which will help to address these research gaps.
One purpose of this study was to assess the extent to which these factors were …
The purpose of this investigation was to explore the relationship between X and Y.
The aim of this research project has therefore been to assess the doses and risks associated with …

This study set out to / The aim of this study was to / The purpose of this study was toexplore …determine whether …try and establish what …better understand the …find a new method for …evaluate how effective …assess the feasibility of …test the hypothesis that …explore the influence of …clarify several aspects of …investigate the impact of …identify the predictors for …investigate the effect of X on Y.develop an understanding of …gain further understanding of …compare the two ways of treating …examine the relationship between …evaluate a new method of measuring …determine the predictive validity of the…understand the views and experiences of …review in detail the available information on …describe some of the more recent developments in …shine new light on these debates through an examination of …

The purpose of this study was to / The aim of this investigation has been topredict which …establish whether …determine whether …develop a model for …examine the effects of …assess the extent to which …compare the clinical performance of …explore the relationship between X and Y.identify the most important factors influencing …

Question 13

Araştırma soruları veya hipotezler

Accepted Answer

The hypothesis that will be tested is that …
The research questions in this study focused on …
The central question in this dissertation asks how …
Specifically, the following issues will be addressed:
The specific questions which drive the research are:
This research seeks to address the following questions:
The key research question of this study was whether or not …
This study aimed to address the following research questions:
The study sought to answer the following specific research questions:
In particular, this dissertation will examine six main research questions:
Another question is whether …

Question 14

Araştırma tasarımının özeti, yöntemi, veri kaynağı/kaynakları

Accepted Answer

Data for this study were collected using…
Five works will be examined, all of which …
This paper uses archival data from X to study …
A mixed-method approach was employed using …
This investigation takes the form of a case-study…
Qualitative content analysis was used to examine …
This study utilised clustering techniques to identify …
Contemporary source material was used to examine …
This study was exploratory and interpretative in nature.
This study uses a qualitative case study approach to investigate …
The research data in this thesis is drawn from four main sources: …
This study employed survey methodology to investigate the impact of …
The approach to empirical research adopted for this study was one of …
This dissertation follows a case-study design, with in-depth analysis of …
By employing qualitative modes of enquiry, I attempt to illuminate the …
Qualitative and quantitative research designs were adopted to provide …
This study makes use of oral history interviews as well as archival sources.
Both qualitative and quantitative methods were used in this investigation.
A holistic approach is utilized, integrating X, Y and Z material to establish …
The study was conducted in the form of a survey, with data being gathered via …
The methodological approach taken in this study is a mixed methodology based on …
A combination of quantitative and qualitative approaches was used in the data analysis.

This study usesrecent / survey / archival / empirical / interview / qualitative / quantitative / longitudinal / observationaldata from X toassess …explore …examine …estimate …investigate …

Question 15

Önem veya değer belirtme

Accepted Answer

This research sheds new light on …
This study provides new insights into …
The study offers some important insights into …
The present study fills a gap in the literature by …
Understanding the link between X and Y will help …
This is the first study to undertake a longitudinal analysis of …
The importance and originality of this study is that it explores …
The present research explores, for the first time, the effects of …
The findings should make an important contribution to the field of ….
Characterization of X is important for our increased understanding of …
This study provides an exciting opportunity to advance our knowledge of …
It is hoped that this research will contribute to a deeper understanding of …
This study aims to contribute to this growing area of research by exploring …
This project provided an important opportunity to advance the understanding of …
Therefore, this study makes a major contribution to research on X by demonstrating …
There are several important areas where this study makes an original contribution to …
The experimental work presented here provides one of the first investigations into how …

The study presentedhere / in this report / in this thesisis one of the first investigationsto utilize …to survey …to explore …to focus specifically on …to assess the impact of …

Question 16

Sınırlamaları gösterme

Accepted Answer

The thesis does not engage with …
This study is unable to encompass the entire …
Establishing X is beyond the scope of this study.
It is beyond the scope of this study to examine the …
A full discussion of X lies beyond the scope of this study.
The reader should bear in mind that the study is based on …
Another potential problem is that the scope of my thesis may be too broad.
Due to practical constraints, this paper cannot provide a comprehensive review of…

Question 17

Yapıyı ana hatlarıyla belirtmek

Accepted Answer

This paper begins by … It will then go on to …
The first section of this paper will examine …
The essay has been organised in the following way.
The remaining part of the paper proceeds as follows: …
The main issues addressed in this paper are: a), b and c).
This paper first gives a brief overview of the recent history of X.
This paper has been divided into four parts. The first part deals with …
The aim of the chapter is to introduce …
This chapter seeks to assess the impact of …
This chapter is subdivided into three sections
This section will attempt to assess whether …
The second part highlights the key theoretical concepts which …
This chapter contextualises the research by providing background information on …
This chapter discusses the specific methods by which the research and analyses were conducted.
My thesis is composed of four themed chapters.
The overall structure of the study takes the form of six chapters.
The thesis is divided into three distinct sections. The first section …
Chapter 2 will consider both the sources and methods of study which will include …
Chapter Two begins by laying out the theoretical dimensions of the research, and looks at how …
The third chapter is concerned with the methodology employed for this study.
Chapter 4 analyses the data gathered and addresses each of the research questions in turn.
Chapter 5 analyses the results of interviews and focus group discussions undertaken during …
The fifth section presents the findings of the research, focusing on the three key themes that …
The purpose of the final chapter is to reflect on the extent to which this study has …

The maintopics / issues / themes / periods / developmentscovered in this chapter are …

The second part / The final chapter / The final sectionexamines …gives a brief review of …contextualizes the research by …discusses the significant findings.draws upon the entire thesis to …identifies areas for further research.ties together the common themes and …explains the emergent themes influencing …draws together these various findings, and …draws together the key findings, making the …draws together the various strands of the thesis.gives a brief summary and critique of the findings.summarizes the main findings of this project and …summarizes the principal findings of these experiments and …brings together the lessons from these case studies, and then …describes the experimental approach and instrumentation utilized in …ties together the various theoretical and empirical strands in order to …includes a discussion of the implication of the findings to future research into …

Question 18

Anahtar Kelimeleri Açıklama (Terimleri Tanımlama)

Accepted Answer

Throughout this paper, the term ‘X’ will refer to …
The term ‘X’ will be used in this thesis to refer to …
The phrase ‘X’ will be used in this study to describe the …
According to Smith (2002), X can be defined as follows: ‘ … ’
In this article, the abbreviation XYZ will be used to refer to …
Throughout this dissertation, the term ‘X’ will be used to refer to …
The term ‘X’ is a relatively new name for …, commonly referred to as …
In this essay, the term ‘X’ will be used in its broadest sense to refer to all …
In this dissertation, the terms ‘X’ and ‘Y’ are used interchangeably to mean …
While a variety of definitions of the term ‘X’ have been suggested, this paper will use the definition
first suggested by Smith (1968) who saw it as …

Question 19

İlgili literatürün genel tanımları

Accepted Answer

The literature on X lacks clarity regarding …
The literature has emphasized the importance of …
Different theories exist in the literature regarding …
More recent attention has focused on the provision of …
There are relatively few historical studies in the area of …
A great deal of previous research into X has focused on …
A large and growing body of literature has investigated …
Much of the literature since the mid-1990s emphasizes the …
Much of the current literature on X pays particular attention to …
There is a large volume of published studies describing the role of …
The existing literature on X is extensive and focuses particularly on …
There is a relatively small body of literature that is concerned with …
The generalizability of much published research on this issue is problematic.
A considerable amount of literature has been published on X. These studies …
What we know about X is largely based upon empirical studies that investigate how …
The academic literature on X has revealed the emergence of several contrasting themes.

Question 20

Önceki araştırma: Alınan yaklaşımlar

Accepted Answer

Most research on X has been carried out in …
Most researchers investigating X have utilised …
The vast majority of studies on X, have been quantitative.
There are number of large cross-sectional studies which suggest …
Much of the X research has focused on identifying and evaluating the …
Publications that concentrate on X more frequently adopt a historical or chronological approach …

What we know about X is largely based uponcase / clinical / empirical / qualitative / laboratory / longitudinal / comparative / experimental / observational / epidemiologicalstudies that investigate how …

Question 21

Mevcut bilgi durumuna referans

Accepted Answer

X is positively related to Y (Smith, 2007).
X is one of the most intense reactions following Y (Zhang, 2003).
X is a principal determining factor of Y (Smith, 2005; Jones, 2013).
There is an unambiguous relationship between X and Y (Rao, 1998).
X is significantly reduced during the first months of … (Smith, 2000; Jones, 2006).
X has been found to oppose the anti-inflammatory actions of Y on Z (Alourfi, 2004).
A relationship exists between an individual’s working memory and their ability to … (Jones, 2002).
GM varieties of maize are able to cross-pollinate with non-GM varieties (Smith, 1998; O’Brien, 2009).

Question 22

Önceki araştırmalara referans: normalde birden fazla yazar

Accepted Answer

Previous research has established that …
Data from several studies suggest that …
It is now well established from a variety of studies, that …
A number of studies have postulated a convergence between …
Surveys such as that conducted by Smith (1988) have shown that …
Many recent studies (e.g. Smith, 2001; Jones, 2005) have shown that …
Traditionally, it has been argued that … (e.g. Smith, 1960; O’Brien, 1972).
Twenty cohort study analyses have examined the relationship between …
Several biographies of Brown have been published. Smith (2013) presents …
In previous studies on X, different variables have been found to be related to …
A number of authors have considered the effects of … (Smith, 2003; Jones, 2004).
Many historians have argued that … (e.g. Jones, 1987; Johnson, 1990; Smith, 1994).
There is a consensus among social scientists that … (e.g. Jones, 1987; Johnson, 1990; …
Data from several sources have identified the increased X and Y associated with obesity.
At least 120 case-control studies worldwide have examined the relationship between …
It has been demonstrated that a high intake of X results in damage to … (Smith, 1998; …).
Numerous studies have attempted to explain … (for example, Smith, 1996; Kelly, 1998; …).
Previous research findings into X have been inconsistent and contradictory (Smith, 1996; …).
Some cross-sectional studies suggest an association between recent adverse life events and …
There are a large number of published studies (e.g., Smith, 2001; Jones, 2005) that describe the link
between …

It has beennoted that …argued that …shown that …thought that …assumed that …reported that …observed that …suggested that …established that …demonstrated that ….conclusively shown that …

Previous / Severalstudies of X / surveys of X / investigations of Xhavefound …revealed …reported …identified …established …demonstrated …shown significant increases in …

To date, / Thus far, / Up to now,several studies / previous studies / a number of studieshaveused …found …reported …shown that…indicated that …linked X with Y.suggested that …demonstrated that …tested the efficacy of …identified a link between …investigated the effects of…begun to examine the use of …confirmed the effectiveness of …used longitudinal data to examine …examined the association between …attempted to evaluate the impact of …revealed a correlation between X and Y.analyzed the accuracy and precision of …explored the relationships between X and Y.highlighted factors that are associated with …

Several recent studies investigating X have been carried out on …
Recent evidence suggests that … (Smith, 1996; Jones, 1999; Johnson, 2001).
Recently, in vitro studies have shown that X can … (Patel et al., 1997; Jones et al., 1998).
In recent years, a few authors have begun to … (Smith, 1996; Jones, 1999; Johnson, 2001).

Recent studies have been / The research to date has beenconcerned with …conducted using …carried out using …largely exploratory.qualitative in nature.designed to determine whether …based on relatively small sample sizes.undertaken in a variety of healthcare settings.

Question 23

Önceki araştırmalara genel referans: Olumsuz sonuçların vurgulanması

Accepted Answer

Previous studies have failed tofind / show / demonstratea (any) benefit in …a (any) link between …a (any) treatment effect.a (any) protective effect of …a (any) connection between …a (any) correlation between …a (any) causal relationship between …a (any) consistent association between …a (any) statistically significant difference …(any) convincing evidence of …(any) benefits associated with …(any) significant differences in …(any) support for the X hypothesis.(any) significant advantages of using …(any) significant changes in health outcomes …(any) reliable, repeatable therapeutic effects of …

Prior studies have / Recent studies have / The research to date hasnot been able toestablish …confirm earlier …determine whether …convincingly show that …reproduce these findings.account for all aspects of …replicate these associations.confirm earlier findings showing …

Question 24

Önceki araştırmalara genel referans: Öne çıkan araştırma konusu

Accepted Answer

The X problem has been extensively studied.
Xs have been studied extensively in vitro, using …
X has been intensively investigated recently due to its …
Markers for the prediction of X have been widely investigated.
X has also been shown to reverse the anti-inflammatory effects of Y in …
These effects have been shown in X (e.g., Smith et al., 1981; Jones, 1996).
Factors thought to be influencing X have been explored in several studies.
The geology of X has been addressed in several small-scale investigations and …
The roles of X have been studied extensively (Jones, 1989; Johnson, 1994; Smith, 1998).
The causes of X have been widely investigated (Jones, 1987; Johnson, 1990; Smith, 1994).
X has been identified as a major contributing factor to the decline of many species of … (1).
The relationship between X and Y has been widely investigated (Smith, 1985; Jones, 1987, …

Question 25

Önceki araştırmalara referans: Önemli çalışmalar

Accepted Answer

The first detailed study of X was …
Smith (1960) was one of the first to examine …
The first systematic study of X was reported by …
One of the most cited studies is that of Smith who sees …
X is most commonly associated with the work of Jones (1960).
The first major fieldwork project that was undertaken in X was …
A good summary of the classification of X has been provided in the work of …
In a comprehensive literature review of X, Smith identified three significant …
One well-known study that is often cited in research on X is that of Smith (1972), who found …
The innovative and seminal work of Smith pioneered a new approach to examining X and provided a
valuable insight into …

Question 26

Önceki araştırmalara referans: Önemli metinler

Accepted Answer

In his seminal text, XXXXX, Smith devoted some attention to ….
One of the most influential accounts of X comes from Smith (1986).
In Smith’s landmark paper XXXXX (1956), he adopted a Y approach to
X, writing in the fifth century BC, provides the earliest description of …
One well-known early study that is often cited in research on X is that of …
In her seminal paper entitled XXXXX, Smith (1981) identified problems with …
Among the historiography of X, perhaps the most well-known work is that of …
Smith, in his comprehensive biography of X, devoted a substantial section to …
Davies et al., in their book XXXXX (2006), give some reliable methods for calculating …
A more substantial approach to the longer-term significance of X can be found in Smith’s recent
article in …

Question 27

Geçmişteki tek araştırmalara referans: önde gelen araştırmacı

Accepted Answer

Smith’s comparative study (2012) found that …
Jones’s comprehensive review concluded that …
Brown’s (1992) model of X assumes three main …
Smith’s cross-country analysis (2012) showed that …

Smith (1999)showed that reducing X to 190oC decreased … (see Figure 2) .demonstrated that when the maximum temperature is exceeded …found that as levels of literacy and education of the population rise …

To examine this issue …To determine whether the …To compare the X with Y, we …To further investigate the role of …To further examine the role of …Smith et al. (1984) carried out a series of experiments

Jones et al. (2001)compared the rate of …labelled these subsets asmeasured both components of the …used a survey to assess the various …identified parents of disabled children as …set up a series of virtual experiments using …examined the flow of international students …carried out a number of investigations into the …studied the effects of X on unprotected nerve cells.analyzed the data from 72 countries and concluded that …interviewed 250 undergraduate students using semi-structured …performed a similar series of experiments in the 1960s to show that …reviewed the literature from the period and found little evidence for this …conducted a series of trials in which he mixed X with different quantities of …investigated the differential impact of formal and non-formal education on …

Question 28

Geçmişteki tek soruşturmalara atıfta bulunulması: öne çıkan araştırma

Accepted Answer

One longitudinal study found that …
A seminal study in this area is the work of …
One study by Smith (2014) examined the trend in …
A recent study by Smith and Jones (2012) involved …
A qualitative study by Smith (2003) described how …
A recent systematic literature review concluded that …
A longitudinal study of X by Smith (2012) reports that …
Preliminary work on X was undertaken by Abdul Karim (1992).
A key study comparing X and Y is that of Smith (2010), in which …
The first systematic study of X was reported by Patel et al. in 1986.
Detailed examination of X by Smith and Patel (1961) showed that …
Analysis of the genes involved in X was first carried out by Smith et al. (1983).
A significant analysis and discussion on the subject was presented by Smith (1988).
The study of the structural behaviour of X was first carried out by Rao et al. (1986).
A small scale study by Smith (2012) reached different conclusions, finding no increase in …
The study by Jones (1990) offers probably the most comprehensive empirical analysis of …
In an analysis of X, Smith et al. (2012) found …
In a follow-up study, Smith et al. (2009) found that …
In an investigation into X, Smith et al. (2012) found …
In a study investigating X, Smith (2004) reported that …
In a comprehensive study of X, Jones (2001) found that …
In a study conducted by Smith (1978), it was shown that …
In studies of rats given X, Smith and colleagues found that …
In a study which set out to determine X, Smith (2012) found that …
In a randomized controlled study of X, Smith (2012) reported that …
In another major study, Zhao (1974) found that just over half of the …
In a recent cross-sectional study, Smith (2006b) investigated whether …
In a large longitudinal study, Smith et al. (2012) investigated the incidence of X in Y.
In one well-known recent experiment, limits on X were found to be … (Al-Masry, 2013)

Question 29

Geçmişteki tekil araştırmalara referans: öne çıkan araştırma konusu

Accepted Answer

X, Y and Z are closely linked (Smith , 2008)
To determine the effects of X, Zhao et al. (2005) compared …
X appears to be positively related to both Y and Z (Smith , 2007)
X was originally isolated from Y in a soil sample from … (Wang et al., 1952).
The electronic spectroscopy of X was first studied by Smith and Jones in 1970.
X formed the central focus of a study by Smith (2002) in which the author found …
X was first demonstrated experimentally by Pavlov (Smith, 2002). In his seminal study …
The acid-catalyzed condensation reaction between X and Y was first reported by Smith in 1872
To better understand the mechanisms of X and its effects, Al-Masry (2013) analysed the …
The way in which the X gene is regulated was studied extensively by Ho and colleagues (Ho et al.
1995 and 1998).

Question 30

Diğer yazarların metinlerinde yaptıklarına gönderme: önde gelen yazar

Accepted Answer

In Chapter 2, Smith provides us with a number of important …
In the subsequent chapter, Smith examines the extent to which …
By drawing on the concept of X, Smith has been able to show that …
Some analysts (e.g. Carnoy, 2002) have attempted to draw fine distinctions between …
Drawing on an extensive range of sources, the authors set out the different ways in which …
Other authors (see Harbison, 2003; Kaplan, 2004) question the usefulness of such an approach.

In her review of …,In her major study,In her case study of …,In her introduction to …,In her seminal article,In her classic critique of …,In her interesting analysis of …,Smith (2012) identifies five characteristics of …

Smith (2013)stresses the role played by …draws a distinction between …emphasizes the importance of …challenges the misconception that …pinpoints a number of similarities between …identifies X, Y, and Z as the major causes of …draws on an extensive range of sources to assess …highlights the need to break the link between X and Y.uses examples of these various techniques as evidence that …mentions the special situation of Singapore as an example of …questions whether mainstream schools are the best environment for …draws our attention to distinctive categories of X often observed in …considers whether countries work well on cross-border issues such as …discusses the challenges and strategies for facilitating and promoting …provides in-depth analysis of the work of Aristotle showing its relevance to …defines evidence based medicine as the conscious, explicit and judicious use of …lists three reasons why the English language has become so dominant. These are: …traces the development of Japanese history and philosophy during the 19th century.

Question 31

İkincil kaynaklara atıfta bulunmak

Accepted Answer

Smith (1973, cited in Jones, 2002) points out that …
Smith draws on the work of Jones (1959) who suggested that …
Building on the work of Jones (2000), Smith (2005) argues that …
Smith (2003) revisits and updates the Jones (1996) model of X by …
Smith (2000, citing Jones, 1998) points out, X has been shown to result in …
The view of that … … is supported by Smith (2003) who draws on Jones’ (1996) comparison of …

Question 32

Başka bir yazarın fikirlerine veya konumuna atıfta bulunulması: önde gelen yazar

Accepted Answer

As argued by Smith (2003), X is far more cost effective, and therefore …
According to Smith (2003), preventative medicine is far more cost effective, and therefore …

Smith (2013)claims / argues / maintains / concludes / suggests / points outthatpreventative medicine is far more cost effective, andtherefore better adapted to the developing world.

Smith (2013)offers / argues for / proposes / suggestsan explanatory theory for each type of ….

Question 33

Kaynakları sentezleme: Destekleyici

Accepted Answer

Similarly, Nicoladis (2006) found that X …
In the same vein, Smith (1994) in his book XYZ notes …
This view is supported by Jones (2000) who writes that …
Smith argues that her data support O’Brien’s (1988) view that …
Al-Masry’s (1986) work on X is complemented by Smith’s (2009) study of …
Almost every paper that has been written on X includes a section relating to …

Smith argues that … / Al-Masry (2003) sees X as …Similarly, Jones (2013) asserts that …Likewise, Wang (2012) holds the view that …In the same vein, Smith (1994) in his book XXXX notes …

Question 34

Sentez kaynakları: Zıtlık

Accepted Answer

Other studies have concluded that …
Unlike Smith, Jones (2013) argues that …
In contrast to Smith, Jones (2013) argues that …
A broader perspective has been adopted by Smith (213) who argues that …
Contrary to previously published studies, Johnson et al. demonstrated the efficacy of…
Conversely, Wang (2010) reported no significant difference in mortality between X and Y.

Smith (2010) presents an X account, whilst Jones (2011) …While Smith (2008) focuses on X, Jones (2009) is more concerned with …

Some writers (e.g. Smith, 2002) have attempted to draw fine distinctions between ... Others (see Jones, 2003; Brown, 2004) question the usefulness of …

Some authors have mainly been interested in questions concerning X (Smith, 2001; Jones …) Others have highlighted the relevance of …

Whilst Smith identifies X as the principal dimension of Y, Jones (2000) has taken a different approach by focusing on …

Question 35

Vurgu için 'ancak' ile zıt kaynaklar

Accepted Answer

Much of the available literature on X deals with the question of … However, Smith (2008) is much more concerned with …

According to some studies, X is represented as … (Smith, 2012; Davis, 2014). However, others propose … (Jones, 2014; Brown, 2015)

Smith (2013) found that X accounted for approximately 30% of Y. Other researchers, however, who have looked at X, have found … Jones (2010), for example, …

Zhao (2002) reports that … Jennings’ (2010) study of Y, however, found little evidence of …

Question 36

Alıntıları tanıtmanın bazı yolları

Accepted Answer

Commenting on X, Smith (2003) argues: ‘… …’
As Carnoy (2004: 215) states: ‘there are many good reasons to be sceptical’.
As Smith argues: ‘In the past, the purpose of education was to …’ (Smith, 2000:150).
In the final part of the Theses on Feuerbach, Marx writes: ‘Philosophers have hitherto only …’
Sachs concludes: ‘The idea of development stands today like a ruin in …’ (Sachs, 1992a: 156).

As Smithnotes: ‘… ‘argues: ‘… ‘writes: ‘… ‘observes: ‘… ‘points out: ‘… ‘reminds us: ‘… ‘

Question 37

İncelenen çalışmaların özetlenmesi

Accepted Answer

Together, these studies indicate that …
Overall, these studies highlight the need for …
Considering all of this evidence, it seems that …
Collectively, these studies outline a critical role for…
The evidence presented in this section suggests that …
The studies presented thus far provide evidence that …
Taken together, these studies support the notion that …
Overall, there seems to be some evidence to indicate that …
Together these studies provide important insights into the …
All of the studies reviewed here support the hypothesis that …
Two important themes emerge from the studies discussed so far:
However, such studies remain narrow in focus dealing only with …
The evidence reviewed here seems to suggest a pertinent role for …
These studies clearly indicate that there is a relationship between …
In view of all that has been mentioned so far, one may suppose that …
There remain several aspects of X about which relatively little is known.

Overall, these studiessuggest that …suggest the efficacy of …suggest an inverse association between …suggest that the self-report method possesses …suggest that both X and Y play a role in the development of …illustrate how …illustrate the role of …illustrate the flexibility of …illustrate the heterogeneity of …illustrate just how important X is in …

Overall, these studieshighlight the need for …highlight the complexity of …highlight the positive aspects of …highlight the beneficial effects of …highlight the unique relationship between …indicate a link between …consistently indicate that …clearly indicate the importance of …indicate that Xs are often important predictors of …indicate that the X has only a slight impact, if any, on …provide mixed evidence for …provide converging evidence for …provide evidence for the usefulness of …provide strong evidence for the efficacy of …provide reasonably consistent evidence of an association between …show weak evidence of …show that Xs may serve as important …show a modest correlation between X and Y.show that X is caused by a complex system of …show that a change from X to Y is usually associated with …

Question 38

Literatür taraması bölümünün özetlenmesi

Accepted Answer

The previous section has shown that …
In conclusion, these studies show that …
The evidence reviewed here seems to suggest …
To conclude this section, the literature identifies …
This review has demonstrated the shortcomings of …
In summary, it has been shown from this review that …
Taken together, these studies support the notion that …
In summary, little is known about the interrelationships between …
This section has attempted to provide a brief summary of the literature relating to …

Bilimsel yayın yazımında kullanılan en yaygın cümle kalıpları

Plan S: Yayınlara açık erişim devrimi

Bilimsel dil neden İngilizcedir?

Sorumlu yazar, ilk yazar nedir? Görevi nedir?

Bilimsel makale kabulü sonrası yapılması gerekenler

Doktorada yapılmaması gereken 10 hata

Takipte kalın